English Grammar Topics

Parts of Speech

English has 8 parts of speech that form the foundation of grammar:

• Noun – names of people, places, things. Example: dog, teacher, school, Mohammad (SAW)
• Pronoun – replaces a noun. Example: he, she, they
• Verb – shows action or state. Example: run, write, is
• Adjective – describes a noun. Example: happy, tall, red
• Adverb – describes a verb/adjective. Example: quickly, very
• Preposition – shows relation. Example: in, on, at
• Conjunction – joins words/clauses. Example: and, but
• Interjection – sudden expression. Example: Wow!, Alas!

Tenses

Tenses show the time of an action. There are 3 main tenses, each with 4 forms:

• Present Tense – e.g. I eat, I am eating
• Past Tense – e.g. I ate, I was eating
• Future Tense – e.g. I will eat, I will be eating

Understanding tense is crucial for correct sentence construction.

Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice: The subject performs the action. Example: The boy kicked the ball.

Passive Voice: The subject receives the action. Example: The ball was kicked by the boy.

Passive voice is useful when the doer is unknown or unimportant.

Direct & Indirect Speech

Direct Speech: Quoting the exact words. Example: He said, "I am happy."

Indirect Speech: Reporting without exact words. Example: He said that he was happy.

It involves changes in pronouns, tense, and words indicating time/place.

Articles

Articles are words used before nouns:

• Definite Article: the (specific reference)
• Indefinite Articles: a, an (general reference)

Example: I saw a cat. The cat was black.

Modal Verbs

Modals express ability, possibility, permission, or necessity.

• Can – ability
• May – permission
• Must – obligation
• Should – advice
• Might – possibility

Example: You must study hard. She can sing well.