Rule 1: Reporting verb “said/said to” changes into “told, informed, replied, explained” ইত্যাদি।
Reporting verb 'said' বা 'said to' যদি রিপোর্টেড স্পিচকে একটি সাধারণ বিবৃতি হিসেবে প্রকাশ করে, তবে তা 'said' বা 'told' এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। যদি কোনো object না থাকে, তাহলে 'said' অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যদি object থাকে ('said to me'), তাহলে এটি 'told me' তে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
Direct: He said, “I am happy.”
Indirect: He said that he was happy.
Direct: She said, “I like mangoes.”
Indirect: She said that she liked mangoes.
Direct: They said, “We are playing football.”
Indirect: They said that they were playing football.
Direct: He said, “I know the answer.”
Indirect: He said that he knew the answer.
Direct: She said, “My father is a doctor.”
Indirect: She said that her father was a doctor.
Direct: Rina said, “I can sing.”
Indirect: Rina said that she could sing.
Direct: He said, “I will help you.”
Indirect: He said that he would help me.
Direct: They said, “We must obey our teachers.”
Indirect: They said that they must obey their teachers.
Direct: She said, “I have done my work.”
Indirect: She said that she had done her work.
Direct: He said, “We have finished the homework.”
Indirect: He said that they had finished the homework.
Direct: He said, “I shall go to Kolkata.”
Indirect: He said that he would go to Kolkata.
Direct: She said, “I may buy a car.”
Indirect: She said that she might buy a car.
Direct: He said, “We should respect elders.”
Indirect: He said that we should respect elders.
Direct: The boy said, “I am tired.”
Indirect: The boy said that he was tired.
Direct: He said, “I was sick yesterday.”
Indirect: He said that he had been sick the previous day.
Direct: She said, “I want to learn English.”
Indirect: She said that she wanted to learn English.
Direct: He said, “We were waiting for you.”
Indirect: He said that they had been waiting for me.
Direct: They said, “We had seen the movie.”
Indirect: They said that they had seen the movie.
Direct: He said, “I shall call you tomorrow.”
Indirect: He said that he would call me the next day.
Direct: She said, “I am writing a letter.”
Indirect: She said that she was writing a letter.
Rule 2: “Said to” → “told” / “informed” (object থাকলে)।
এই নিয়ম অনুসারে, যখন রিপোর্টিং ভার্ব 'said to' এর পরে কোনো object (যেমন 'me', 'him', 'her', 'them') থাকে, তখন indirect speech-এ 'said to' পরিবর্তিত হয়ে 'told', 'informed', 'replied' ইত্যাদি ভার্ব ব্যবহার হয়। তবে সবচেয়ে সাধারণ রূপ হলো 'told'।
Direct: He said to me, “I am busy.”
Indirect: He told me that he was busy.
Direct: She said to her brother, “You are late.”
Indirect: She told her brother that he was late.
Direct: They said to the teacher, “We cannot solve the sum.”
Indirect: They told the teacher that they could not solve the sum.
Direct: The boy said to his mother, “I want some food.”
Indirect: The boy told his mother that he wanted some food.
Direct: He said to me, “I shall help you.”
Indirect: He told me that he would help me.
Direct: She said to her friend, “I am feeling cold.”
Indirect: She told her friend that she was feeling cold.
Direct: He said to me, “You are honest.”
Indirect: He told me that I was honest.
Direct: The man said to his son, “I shall take you to the market.”
Indirect: The man told his son that he would take him to the market.
Direct: The teacher said to the students, “You have done well.”
Indirect: The teacher told the students that they had done well.
Direct: He said to me, “You must not waste time.”
Indirect: He told me that I must not waste time.
Direct: She said to her friend, “You will win the prize.”
Indirect: She told her friend that she would win the prize.
Direct: He said to his brother, “You are very kind.”
Indirect: He told his brother that he was very kind.
Direct: The teacher said to me, “You have improved.”
Indirect: The teacher told me that I had improved.
Direct: She said to her sister, “You look beautiful.”
Indirect: She told her sister that she looked beautiful.
Direct: He said to me, “You may take my book.”
Indirect: He told me that I might take his book.
Direct: The man said to his wife, “You are right.”
Indirect: The man told his wife that she was right.
Direct: She said to me, “You have helped me a lot.”
Indirect: She told me that I had helped her a lot.
Direct: He said to his friend, “You can play the guitar well.”
Indirect: He told his friend that he could play the guitar well.
Direct: The teacher said to us, “You should learn grammar.”
Indirect: The teacher told us that we should learn grammar.
Direct: He said to me, “You were absent yesterday.”
Indirect: He told me that I had been absent the previous day.
Rule 3: Tense-এর পরিবর্তন
যদি Reporting Verb Past Tense-এ থাকে, তবে Reported Speech-এর Tense নিম্নলিখিতভাবে পরিবর্তিত হয়:
Direct: He said, “I write a letter.”
Indirect: He said that he wrote a letter.
Direct: She said, “I am reading a book.”
Indirect: She said that she was reading a book.
Direct: They said, “We have finished the work.”
Indirect: They said that they had finished the work.
Direct: He said, “I came here yesterday.”
Indirect: He said that he had come there the previous day.
Direct: She said, “I was watching TV.”
Indirect: She said that she had been watching TV.
Direct: He said, “I will go to school.”
Indirect: He said that he would go to school.
Direct: She said, “I can swim.”
Indirect: She said that she could swim.
Direct: The boy said, “I have eaten the apple.”
Indirect: The boy said that he had eaten the apple.
Direct: He said, “The train has left.”
Indirect: He said that the train had left.
Direct: She said, “I had a headache.”
Indirect: She said that she had had a headache.
Direct: He said, “We are having dinner.”
Indirect: He said that they were having dinner.
Direct: She said, “I may go to the party.”
Indirect: She said that she might go to the party.
Direct: He said, “I was playing cricket.”
Indirect: He said that he had been playing cricket.
Direct: She said, “I am singing a song.”
Indirect: She said that she was singing a song.
Direct: He said, “The earth moves around the sun.”
Indirect: He said that the earth moves around the sun. (Note: Universal truth, no tense change)
Direct: He said, “I shall be 15 next month.”
Indirect: He said that he would be 15 the following month.
Direct: They said, “We have been waiting for an hour.”
Indirect: They said that they had been waiting for an hour.
Direct: She said to him, “I saw you there.”
Indirect: She told him that she had seen him there.
Direct: The girl said, “I am drawing a picture.”
Indirect: The girl said that she was drawing a picture.
Direct: He said, “I have been living here for a year.”
Indirect: He said that he had been living there for a year.
Rule 4: সময় ও স্থানের পরিবর্তন
Direct Speech-এ ব্যবহৃত কিছু সময় ও স্থান-নির্দেশক শব্দ Indirect Speech-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
Direct: He said, “I am busy now.”
Indirect: He said that he was busy then.
Direct: She said, “I came today.”
Indirect: She said that she had come that day.
Direct: He said, “I was ill yesterday.”
Indirect: He said that he had been ill the previous day.
Direct: She said, “I will go tomorrow.”
Indirect: She said that she would go the next day.
Direct: He said, “I bought this book.”
Indirect: He said that he had bought that book.
Direct: They said, “We found these toys here.”
Indirect: They said that they had found those toys there.
Direct: He said, “I am living here.”
Indirect: He said that he was living there.
Direct: She said, “The meeting was held two weeks ago.”
Indirect: She said that the meeting had been held two weeks before.
Direct: He said to me, “I will come to your house tonight.”
Indirect: He told me that he would come to my house that night.
Direct: The teacher said, “I am correcting the papers now.”
Indirect: The teacher said that he was correcting the papers then.
Direct: She said, “We will go to the market next week.”
Indirect: She said that they would go to the market the following week.
Direct: He said, “I passed the exam last year.”
Indirect: He said that he had passed the exam the previous year.
Direct: She said, “I am happy about this.”
Indirect: She said that she was happy about that.
Direct: He said, “These are my books.”
Indirect: He said that those were his books.
Direct: The man said to me, “I saw you here.”
Indirect: The man told me that he had seen me there.
Direct: She said, “I will finish the work the day after tomorrow.”
Indirect: She said that she would finish the work two days after that day.
Direct: He said, “I was at home last night.”
Indirect: He said that he had been at home the previous night.
Direct: She said, “I am happy about what I did last month.”
Indirect: She said that she was happy about what she had done the previous month.
Direct: He said, “I have been sick for two days.”
Indirect: He said that he had been sick for two days.
Direct: The boy said, “I will do this task now.”
Indirect: The boy said that he would do that task then.
Rule 5: চিরন্তন সত্য এবং অভ্যাস
চিরন্তন সত্য (Eternal Truth) বা অভ্যাস (Habitual Fact) নির্দেশ করে এমন বাক্যগুলোর Direct Speech থেকে Indirect Speech করার সময় Tense-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।
Direct: The teacher said, “The earth is round.”
Indirect: The teacher said that the earth is round.
Direct: My father said, "Honesty is the best policy."
Indirect: My father said that honesty is the best policy.
Direct: He said, "The sun rises in the east."
Indirect: He said that the sun rises in the east.
Direct: She said, "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius."
Indirect: She said that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
Direct: The scientist said, "Light travels faster than sound."
Indirect: The scientist said that light travels faster than sound.
Direct: He said, "I brush my teeth twice a day."
Indirect: He said that he brushes his teeth twice a day.
Direct: She said, "I always drink tea in the morning."
Indirect: She said that she always drinks tea in the morning.
Direct: They said, "We play football every weekend."
Indirect: They said that they play football every weekend.
Direct: The boy said, "I wake up at 6 AM."
Indirect: The boy said that he wakes up at 6 AM.
Direct: He said, "I go to bed early."
Indirect: He said that he goes to bed early.
Direct: She said, "Dogs are faithful animals."
Indirect: She said that dogs are faithful animals.
Direct: The child said, "Two and two make four."
Indirect: The child said that two and two make four.
Direct: My mother said, "I drink coffee every day."
Indirect: My mother said that she drinks coffee every day.
Direct: The beggar said, "I live on charity."
Indirect: The beggar said that he lives on charity.
Direct: My brother said, "I like to read books."
Indirect: My brother said that he likes to read books.
Direct: The child said, "I cry when I am hungry."
Indirect: The child said that he cries when he is hungry.
Rule 6: Reporting Verb Present বা Future Tense-এ হলে
Direct Speech-এর Reporting Verb যদি Present Tense বা Future Tense-এ থাকে, তাহলে Reported Speech-এর Tense-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।
Direct: He says, “I am happy.”
Indirect: He says that he is happy.
Direct: She says, “I will go.”
Indirect: She says that she will go.
Direct: My friend says, “I passed the exam.”
Indirect: My friend says that he passed the exam.
Direct: They will say, “We are playing now.”
Indirect: They will say that they are playing now.
Direct: He says, “She has finished the work.”
Indirect: He says that she has finished the work.
Direct: The teacher says, “Honesty is the best policy.”
Indirect: The teacher says that honesty is the best policy.
Direct: He says, “I love my mother.”
Indirect: He says that he loves his mother.
Direct: She says, “I have a new book.”
Indirect: She says that she has a new book.
Direct: My brother says, “I will go to Dhaka tomorrow.”
Indirect: My brother says that he will go to Dhaka tomorrow.
Direct: He says, “I was ill yesterday.”
Indirect: He says that he was ill yesterday.
Direct: She will say, “I am living here.”
Indirect: She will say that she is living there.
Direct: They say, “We are having dinner now.”
Indirect: They say that they are having dinner now.
Direct: He says, “I went to the store.”
Indirect: He says that he went to the store.
Direct: She says, “I have been waiting for an hour.”
Indirect: She says that she has been waiting for an hour.
Direct: He will say, “I can do this.”
Indirect: He will say that he can do this.